Dynamic thermoelectric quick response code branding

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of the invention include an apparatus, a computer-implemented method, and a computer program product for branding a quick response code onto a surface. Aspects of the invention include a branding device having a plurality of thermoelectric devices on a substrate. Each of the thermoelectric devices is arranged on the substrate as a single bit in a quick response pattern. Each of the thermoelectric devices includes an n-type thermoelectric element electrically coupled to a p-type thermoelectric element. The thermoelectric elements can be individually heated or cooled using the Peltier effect.

BACKGROUND

The present invention generally relates to thermoelectric elements, and more specifically, to a dynamic thermoelectric quick response code branding.

Thermoelectric devices are small heat pumps with solid state electrical components, known as thermoelectric elements, which leverage the Peltier effect (or generally, the thermoelectric effect) to create a temperature difference between the junctions of two different types of materials. The direction of the heat flux depends on the direction of a current applied to the thermoelectric elements. Conventional thermoelectric devices include two surfaces separated by at least one pair of thermoelectric elements. These pairs typically include a P-type semiconductor element and an N-type semiconductor element. The P-type and N-type thermoelectric elements are arranged in arrays that alternate between P-type and N-type elements in both array directions. Thermoelectric elements are available today in very small packages and can reach very high temperatures. For example, thermoelectric modules can be smaller than 2.5 mm×2.5 mm×2.5 mm and can reach temperatures of about 200 degrees Celsius.

A quick response code is a type of matrix barcode that can be read by an optical imaging device such as a camera and processed using Reed-Solomon error correction. Quick response codes typically consist of black and white modules (square dots) arranged in a rectangular pattern. Each dot represents a bit of data (“0” or “1”) depending on whether the bit is “white” or “black.” Conventional quick response codes are detected as a 2-dimensional digital image and can be digitally analyzed by a programmed processor. More recently, the use of quick response codes has rapidly grown in the consumer advertising, packaging, inventory tracking, transport, manufacturing, and retail industries, due in part to the wide dissemination of smartphones having built-in barcode reader or scanner capabilities. Quick response codes provide a convenient means of accessing online resources as well as a high storage capacity and fast decoding speed.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the present invention are directed to an apparatus for branding a quick response code onto a surface. A non-limiting example of the apparatus includes a plurality of thermoelectric devices on a substrate. Each of the thermoelectric devices is arranged on the substrate as a single bit in a quick response pattern. Each of the thermoelectric devices includes an n-type thermoelectric element electrically coupled to a p-type thermoelectric element. The thermoelectric elements can be individually heated or cooled using the Peltier effect.

Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a computer-implemented method for branding a quick response code onto a surface. A non-limiting example of the method includes receiving, by a processor, data to be encoded into the quick response code. The method includes generating, by the processor, the quick response code that encodes the data. The processor determines a first subset of thermoelectric devices of a quick response branding device to heat to generate the quick response code. The processor then sends program instructions to heat the first subset of thermoelectric devices to the quick response branding device.

Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a computer program product for branding a quick response code onto a surface. A non-limiting example of the computer program product includes a computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith, the program instructions executable by a processing device to cause the processing device to perform a method. The method includes receiving data to be encoded into the quick response code and generating the quick response code that encodes the data. The method further includes determining a first subset of thermoelectric devices of a quick response branding device to heat to generate the quick response code and sending program instructions to heat the first subset of thermoelectric devices to the quick response branding device.

Additional technical features and benefits are realized through the techniques of the present invention. Embodiments and aspects of the invention are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed subject matter. For a better understanding, refer to the detailed description and to the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The specifics of the exclusive rights described herein are particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other features and advantages of the embodiments of the invention are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of a computer system for use in implementing one or more embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram of a system for applying quick response codes to a wide variety of surfaces using dynamic thermoelectric branding according to one or more embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 3 depicts a first view of a quick response branding device searing head formed according to one or more embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 4 depicts a second view of the quick response branding device searing head illustrated in FIG. 3 according to one or more embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 5 depicts an expanded view of a single thermoelectric device formed according to one or more embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 6 depicts a blown-out view of a quick response branding device searing head according to one or more embodiments of the invention;

FIGS. 7A, 7B, and 7C each depict a possible searing arrangement of thermoelectric devices according to one or more embodiments of the invention;

FIGS. 8A-8D each depict a possible contact surface shape for a thermoelectric device according to one or more embodiments of the invention;

FIGS. 9A and 9B each depict a possible arrangement of thermoelectric devices for generating a quick response code according to one or more embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 10 depicts a method for operating a quick response branding device in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention; and

FIG. 11 depicts a flow diagram of a method for branding a quick response code onto a substrate or product surface according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

The diagrams depicted herein are illustrative. There can be many variations to the diagram or the operations described therein without departing from the spirit of the invention. For instance, the actions can be performed in a differing order or actions can be added, deleted or modified. Also, the term “coupled” and variations thereof describes having a communications path between two elements and does not imply a direct connection between the elements with no intervening elements/connections between them. All of these variations are considered a part of the specification.

In the accompanying figures and following detailed description of the disclosed embodiments, the various elements illustrated in the figures are provided with two or three-digit reference numbers. With minor exceptions, the leftmost digit(s) of each reference number correspond to the figure in which its element is first illustrated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention will now be described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. It should be understood that the description of these aspects are merely illustrative and that they should not be taken in a limiting sense. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be evident to one skilled in the art, however, that the present invention can be practiced without these specific details.

For the sake of brevity, conventional techniques related to making and using aspects of the invention may or may not be described in detail herein. In particular, various aspects of computing systems and specific computer programs to implement the various technical features described herein are well known. Accordingly, in the interest of brevity, many conventional implementation details are only mentioned briefly herein or are omitted entirely without providing the well-known system and/or process details.

Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown an embodiment of a processing system 100 for implementing the teachings herein. In this embodiment, the system 100 has one or more central processing units (processors) 21 a, 21 b, 21 c, etc. (collectively or generically referred to as processor(s) 21). In one or more embodiments, each processor 21 can include a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microprocessor. Processors 21 are coupled to system memory 34 and various other components via a system bus 33. Read-only memory (ROM) 22 is coupled to the system bus 33 and can include a basic input/output system (BIOS), which controls certain basic functions of system 100.

FIG. 1 further depicts an input/output (I/O) adapter 27 and a network adapter 26 coupled to the system bus 33. I/O adapter 27 can be a small computer system interface (SCSI) adapter that communicates with a hard disk 23 and/or tape storage drive 25 or any other similar component. I/O adapter 27, hard disk 23, and tape storage device 25 are collectively referred to herein as mass storage 24. Operating system 40 for execution on the processing system 100 can be stored in mass storage 24. A network adapter 26 interconnects bus 33 with an outside network 36 enabling data processing system 100 to communicate with other such systems. A screen (e.g., a display monitor) 35 is connected to system bus 33 by display adaptor 32, which can include a graphics adapter to improve the performance of graphics intensive applications and a video controller. In one embodiment, adapters 27, 26, and 32 can be connected to one or more I/O busses that are connected to system bus 33 via an intermediate bus bridge (not shown). Suitable I/O buses for connecting peripheral devices such as hard disk controllers, network adapters, and graphics adapters typically include common protocols, such as the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI). Additional input/output devices are shown as connected to system bus 33 via user interface adapter 28 and display adapter 32. A keyboard 29, mouse 30, and speaker 31 all interconnected to bus 33 via user interface adapter 28, which can include, for example, a Super I/O chip integrating multiple device adapters into a single integrated circuit.

In exemplary embodiments, the processing system 100 includes a graphics processing unit 41. Graphics processing unit 41 is a specialized electronic circuit designed to manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display. In general, graphics processing unit 41 is very efficient at manipulating computer graphics and image processing and has a highly parallel structure that makes it more effective than general-purpose CPUs for algorithms where processing of large blocks of data is done in parallel.

Thus, as configured in FIG. 1, the system 100 includes processing capability in the form of processors 21, storage capability including system memory 34 and mass storage 24, input means such as keyboard 29 and mouse 30, and output capability including speaker 31 and display 35. In one embodiment, a portion of system memory 34 and mass storage 24 collectively store an operating system coordinate the functions of the various components shown in FIG. 1.

Turning now to an overview of technologies that are more specifically relevant to aspects of the present invention, as previously discussed herein, a quick response code is a type of the matrix barcode that consists of black and white modules that encode information which can be easily read using an optical imaging device. Typical quick response codes use one or more of four standardized modes (numeric, alphanumeric, binary, and kanji) to efficiently store information about the item to which it is attached. The ubiquity of smartphones has driven the widespread adoption of quick response codes in a wide variety of applications, such as product tracking, item identification, time tracking, document management, and general marketing. Today's methods for applying quick response codes to product surfaces include printing, stamping, etching, and engraving. Consequently, the variety of surfaces on which a quick response code can be created is somewhat limited. Certain materials, products, and applications such as food, animal products, animal branding, wood, leather, etc. cannot use these conventional methods due to contamination of the product or the lifetime of the application. For example, cattle can be stamped with a quick response code, but the ink will wear off eventually.

Turning now to an overview of aspects of the present invention, one or more embodiments of the invention provide a device, method, and computer program product for applying linear (one dimensional) and matrix (2-D) barcodes to a wide variety of surfaces using dynamic thermoelectric branding. In some embodiments of the present invention, a quick response branding device having a flat surface searing head makes use of a matrix of thermoelectric devices to generate quick response codes. Each thermoelectric device serves as a single quick response bit, i.e., the black or white module in a conventional quick response code. This matrix of thermoelectric devices can be arranged in any version of a quick response code, for example, QR Version 1 to Version 40, iQR, micro QR, and DataMatrix. These thermoelectric devices can be individually programmed by changing the direction of current running through thermoelectric elements attached to each thermoelectric device. In other words, the quick response branding device leverages the Peltier effect to heat or cool individual bits (the thermoelectric devices) to encode a unique quick response pattern. A single quick response branding device can be easily reconfigured into any quick response pattern by simply changing the direction of current running through each of the thermoelectric devices.

The present invention enables the application of a quick response code onto previously unavailable or suboptimal surfaces such as food, animal products, animal branding, leather, and wood using a contamination-free process with long-term durability. The quick response branding device can be adapted for use in factory machinery, implemented into a handheld branding iron, and used in the assembly line automation of food products. For example, a hamburger or bun could contain a seared quick response code that is scanned to let a worker know what toppings to add to the specific customer's burger, or to automatically place said toppings. Quick response codes on food products can be used to advertise or provide information directly to consumers. For example, a quick response code branded onto a pancake could be scanned by a customer to see if the customer won a coupon for their next visit. A quick response code on a steak could be scanned to provide sourcing information such as the location and other details of the cow the meat came from. In another example, livestock branding (both searing and freezing) is used as proof of ownership over livestock and is recognized by law in many western US states. By searing quick response codes onto livestock, ownership and other useful information can be easily discovered. This quick response code could be configured to launch a URL data type that logs the scanner's GPS location and notifies the owner as to the animal's current location. In yet another example, branding is common on wood and leather products; however, there is no current device that allows a single quick response head to be reconfigured to change the information stored within the preconfigured branded code.

Turning now to a more detailed description of aspects of the present invention, FIG. 2 depicts a system 200 for applying quick response codes to a wide variety of surfaces using dynamic thermoelectric branding according to one or more embodiments of the present invention. The system 200 includes a quick response branding device 202, a user interface 204, a network 206, a quick response controller 208, and a quick response configuration program 210. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the quick response branding device 202, quick response controller 208, user interface 204, network 206, and/or quick response configuration program 210 can be implemented on the processing system 100 found in FIG. 1.

As will be discussed in further detail herein, the quick response branding device 202 includes a matrix 302 of thermoelectric devices 304 (depicted in FIG. 3) for generating quick response codes. The quick response branding device 202 can be a handheld device, or can be adapted for automatic machine use (e.g., factory equipment). The quick response branding device 202 can be programmed to generate a desired quick response code using the user interface 204. The user interface 204 can be separate from, or integrated into, the quick response branding device 202. The user interface 204 provides an interface to the quick response reconfiguration program 210 on the quick response controller 208 for a user of the quick response branding device 202. In some embodiments of the present invention, user interface 204 can be a graphical user interface (GUI) or a web user interface (WUI) and can display text, documents, web browser windows, user options, application interfaces, and instructions for operation, and include the information (such as graphic, text, and sound) that a program presents to a user and the control sequences the user employs to control the program. In another embodiment of the present invention, user interface 204 can be mobile application software that provides an interface between a user of the quick response branding device 202 and the quick response controller 208. Mobile application software, or an “app,” is a computer program designed to run on smartphones, tablet computers, and other mobile devices. User interface 204 enables the user of quick response branding device 202 to register with the quick response controller 208 to adjust preferences for quick response branding protocols, such as the temperature, duration, and configuration of the thermoelectric devices 304 (depicted in FIG. 3). However, user interface 204 is not limited to the aforementioned examples and can be used to control any parameters associated with the quick response configuration program 210. In yet another embodiment, the quick response controller 208 can include an instance of the user interface 204. For example, using the user interface 204, a user can input branding parameters based on various categories such as the type of substrate being branded, the minimum darkness of the branded material, and a desired quick response code pattern. In some embodiments of the present invention, a user can input raw text or numeric data into the user interface 204 for encoding into a quick response pattern by the quick response configuration program 210.

The quick response branding device 202 leverages the Peltier effect to heat or cool individual bits (the thermoelectric devices 304 depicted in FIG. 3) to encode a unique quick response pattern. To that end, the quick response controller 208 includes a quick response configuration program 210 for determining the necessary current inputs to each of the thermoelectric devices 304. In some embodiments of the present invention, the quick response configuration program 210 sends configuration parameters including individual current inputs for each of the thermoelectric devices 304 to the quick response branding device 202 to configure the device for a particular branding application. The required current to heat or cool each of the thermoelectric devices 304 varies in part depending on the size and material of the thermoelectric devices 304. In some embodiments of the present invention, the required power for heating or cooling each of the thermoelectric devices 304 is about 0.21 milliwatts at 0.1 Volts and 0.21 Amps, although other power requirements are within the contemplated scope of the invention.

The configuration parameters can include any combination of variables required to brand a linear barcode, a matrix barcode, or an image onto a substrate using the Peltier effect to individually heat or cool the thermoelectric devices 304. Variables can include a subset of the thermoelectric devices 304 that will be heated or cooled to generate the desired quick response code, a list of sequential subsets of the thermoelectric devices 304 that will be consecutively heated or cooled to generate the desired quick response code (as depicted in FIGS. 7B and 7C), the identification of a product type being branded, a desired darkness or lightness of the branded quick response code, and a length of branding time. It is understood, however, that these variables are not limited to the embodiments disclosed herein and can be any variables associated with quick response branding techniques. The product (also known as a branding surface or substrate) can be any material that can be branded. A product can be, for example, cloth, leather, metal, wood, fur, plastic, animal hide, plant material, food products, or any combination of the listed substrates. However, the substrates are not limited to the materials listed herein. In some embodiments of the present invention, the quick response configuration program 210 generates configuration parameters to heat a first subset of the thermoelectric devices 304. In some embodiments of the present invention, the quick response configuration program 210 generates configuration parameters to heat a first subset of the thermoelectric devices 304 and cool a second subset of the thermoelectric devices 304.

The quick response configuration program 210 determines one or more executable program instructions to generate the one or more configuration parameters required at the quick response branding device 202. In some embodiments of the present invention, the quick response configuration program 210 translates a received quick response pattern into one or more configuration parameters including machine readable instructions by identifying the subset of thermoelectric devices 304 which need to be heated and/or cooled to generate the desired pattern. The quick response configuration program 210 then communicates the list of currents for the thermoelectric devices 304 as one or more executable program instructions to the quick response controller 208.

The quick response controller 208 sends the one or more executable program instructions generated by the quick response configuration program 210 to the quick response branding device 202. In one embodiment, the quick response configuration program 210 can send executable program instructions via the network 206. For example, a user can input configuration parameters into a laptop computer containing the quick response configuration program 210 which will subsequently send the executable program instructions associated with the input configuration parameters over network 206 to the quick response branding device 202. For example, the quick response configuration program 210 can send program instructions to run a specific current through each of the thermoelectric devices 304 depending on the desired quick response pattern. The specific current for a given thermoelectric device can be adjusted based on the previous state of that device. For example, the quick response configuration program 210 can designate a first “cooling” current for a first device and a second, lower “cooling” current for a second device to account for the fact that the first device is hot (e.g., the device was heated in the previous stage of a multistate branding application) while the second device is already cool (e.g., the device was not heated or was cooled in the previous stage of a multistate branding application).

The quick response branding device 202, user interface 204, quick response controller 208, and quick response configuration program 210 can be interconnected over the network 206. The network 206 can be, for example, a telecommunications network, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), such as the Internet, or a combination of the three, and can include wired, wireless, or fiber optic connections. The network 206 can include one or more wired and/or wireless networks that are capable of receiving and transmitting data, voice, and/or video signals, including multimedia signals that include voice, data, and video information. In general, network 206 can be any combination of connections and protocols that will support communications between the quick response branding device 202 and the quick response controller 208, and other computing devices (not shown) within the system 200.

FIG. 3 depicts a first view of a quick response branding device searing head 300 according to one or more embodiments of the invention. In some embodiments of the present invention, the searing head 300 is coupled to the quick response branding device 202. As depicted, the searing head 300 includes a matrix 302 of thermoelectric devices 304 arranged on a substrate 306 for generating a 9 by 9 module iQR pattern. It is understood, however, that the thermoelectric devices 304 can be arranged into any version of a linear or matrix barcode (QR Version 1 to Version 40, IQR, micro QR code, etc.). Alternatively, the thermoelectric devices 304 can be arranged into a high resolution grid having any desired number of “pixels” (e.g., 1280×720 devices for 720p, 1920×1080 devices for 1080p, 3840×2160 for 4K, etc.) for generating an image.

As discussed previously herein, the quick response branding device 202 leverages the Peltier effect whereby the direction and magnitude of current flow for each of the thermoelectric devices 304 can be adjusted individually to heat or cool each of the thermoelectric devices 304. In some embodiments of the present invention, one of a pair of binary sear/no sear currents is sent to each of the thermoelectric devices 304. In other words, “dark” pixels in the image can be seared while “light” pixels are not seared. Alternatively, non-binary degrees of “shading” (i.e., gradient shading) can be provided in an image or pattern by adjusting the relative magnitude of current flow for each of the thermoelectric devices 304. For example, increasing the current flow to a thermoelectric device will increase the device's surface searing temperature, resulting in a relatively darker sear in the corresponding pixel. Similarly, decreasing the current flow to a device will decrease the device's surface searing temperature, resulting in a lighter sear in the corresponding pixel. In some embodiments of the present invention, a continuous spectrum of shading can be provided to generate greyscale images using the thermoelectric devices 304.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the thermoelectric devices 304 each include a rectangular or square contact surface 308, although other surface geometries, such as circular, elliptical, superelliptical, and polygonal, are within the contemplated scope of the invention. The contact surface 308 can be formed using any suitable material for branding, such as, for example, ceramics, plastics, or any dielectric material exhibiting a high thermal conductivity. Ceramics, for example, are electrical insulations that provide adequate to good thermal conductivity. Accordingly, ceramics are well-suited as thermoelectric substrates. In some embodiments of the present invention, the contact surface 308 includes a metal. Metal substrates, however, require a relatively thin insulating layer (not depicted) located between the contact surface 308 and the thermoelectric elements 502 (depicted in FIG. 5) and the first interconnect layer 504 (depicted in FIG. 5) that electrically couples pairs of thermoelectric elements 502. In some embodiments of the present invention, the contact surface 308 is plated using, for example, nickel (Ni), to provide a surface that is more easily cleaned. In some embodiments of the present invention, the thermoelectric devices 304 are potted in thermally and/or electrically insulating material, such as an epoxy or an acrylic, to fill (sometimes referred to as underfill) the space between the contact surfaces 308 without covering the surface of the contact surfaces 308.

The substrate 306 can be formed using any suitable material, such as, for example, a dielectric material. In some embodiments of the present invention, the substrate 306 is made of a same material as the contact surface 308. In some embodiments of the present invention, the substrate 306 is made of a dielectric having a poor thermal conductivity, such as, for example, a plastic.

The thermoelectric devices 304 can be sized to accommodate any desired pattern size. In some embodiments of the present invention, each of the thermoelectric devices 304 includes a length of about 1.15 mm and a height of about 1.15 mm, although other dimensions are within the contemplated scope of the invention. In some embodiments of the present invention, the matrix 302 of thermoelectric devices 304 includes a pattern size of about 12 mm by 12 mm, although other dimensions are within the contemplated scope of the invention. Each of the thermoelectric devices 304 can be separated by a pitch distance. In some embodiments of the present invention, the centerline-to-centerline pitch distance is about 1.27 mm, although other pitch distances are within the contemplated scope of the invention. Moreover, as depicted, the matrix 302 includes thermoelectric devices 304 having a same or substantially same size (length, width, and depth). In some embodiments of the present invention, the matrix 302 includes thermoelectric devices 304 having two or more unique dimensions. In some embodiments of the present invention, each of the thermoelectric devices 304 includes a unique dimension.

FIG. 4 depicts a second view of the quick response branding device searing head 300 according to one or more embodiments of the invention. As described previously herein, the searing head 300 includes a matrix 302 of thermoelectric devices 304 arranged on a substrate 306 for generating a 9 by 9 module iQR pattern. As depicted, each of the thermoelectric devices 304 includes a pair of electrodes 400 formed on a surface of the substrate 306. Each pair of electrodes 400 electrically couples one of the thermoelectric devices 304 to the quick response branding device 202. While each of the thermoelectric devices 304 is depicted as having a pair of electrodes 400, other electrode configurations are within the contemplated scope of the invention. For example, each of the thermoelectric devices 304 can be electrically coupled to a single electrode pair or to two or more electrode pairs.

FIG. 5 depicts an expanded view of a single thermoelectric device 500 of the thermoelectric devices 304 according to one or more embodiments of the invention. The thermoelectric device 500 includes two or more thermoelectric elements 502. A first end of each of the thermoelectric elements 502 is coupled to the contact surface 308 using a first interconnect layer 504. A second end of each of the thermoelectric elements 502 is coupled to the substrate 306 using a second interconnect layer 506. The second interconnect layer 506 is electrically coupled to the pair of electrodes 400 using vias 508 formed in the substrate 306. In this manner, current can be transferred from a source in the quick response branding device 202 to the thermoelectric elements 502 through the vias 508.

The thermoelectric elements 502 can be made using any suitable thermoelectric material, such as, for example, n-type and p-type doped semiconductor material. The semiconductor material can be, for example, monocrystalline silicon (Si), silicon-germanium (SiGe), silicon carbide (SiC), III-V compound semiconductor, II-VI compound semiconductor, or any semiconductor material exhibiting a combination of high Seebeck coefficient, high electrical conductivity, and low thermal conductivity, such as, for example, bismuth telluride (Bi₂Te₃). The semiconductor material can be doped using n-type dopants (e.g., phosphorus (P) or arsenic (As)) or p-type dopants (e.g., boron (B) or gallium (Ga)). As depicted, the thermoelectric device 500 includes four thermoelectric elements 502. In some embodiments of the present invention, the thermoelectric elements 502 are arranged into electrically coupled pairs of n-type and p-type semiconductors. In other words, each electrode 400 is electrically coupled to a single pair of one p-type thermoelectric element and one n-type thermoelectric element. In some embodiments of the present invention, the pairs of a single p-type thermoelectric element and a single n-type thermoelectric element are themselves stacked such that adjacent (above, below, or to the side) thermoelectric elements have an opposite doping type while diagonal thermoelectric elements have a same doping type.

The first and second interconnect layers 504 and 506, the vias 508, and the electrodes 400 can be made of any suitable conducting material, such as, for example, a metal (e.g., tungsten (W), titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta), ruthenium (Ru), zirconium (Zr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), lead (Pb), platinum (Pt), tin (Sn), silver (Ag), gold (Au)), a conducting metallic compound material (e.g., tantalum nitride (TaN), titanium nitride (TiN), tantalum carbide (TaCx), titanium carbide (TiC), titanium aluminum carbide (Ti₃AlC₂), tungsten silicide (WSi₂), tungsten nitride (WN₂), ruthenium oxide (RuO₂), cobalt silicide (CoSi₂), nickel silicide (NiSi)), carbon nanotube, conductive carbon, graphene, or any suitable combination of these materials. Moreover, the interconnect layers 504 and 506, the vias 508, and the electrodes 400 can each include a same or different conducting material.

FIG. 6 depicts a blown-out view of the quick response branding device searing head 300 according to one or more embodiments of the invention. As depicted, the searing head 300 includes a top layer 600, a thermoelectric layer 602, and a bottom layer 604. From this view, the electrical connections between the components of the searing head 300 are more easily apparent. For example, a single electrode 400 is electrically coupled to a pair of oppositely doped thermoelectric elements 502 using the second interconnect layer 506. The thermoelectric layer 602 includes the thermoelectric elements 502 of the searing head 300. As depicted, the thermoelectric elements 502 alternate in doping type along a first direction and a second direction.

FIGS. 7A, 7B, and 7C each depict a possible searing arrangement of thermoelectric devices according to one or more embodiments of the invention. As discussed previously herein, the thermoelectric devices are individually heated or cooled. In some embodiments of the present invention, a desired quick response pattern is generating using a 1-stage searing process, as depicted in FIG. 7A. In a 1-stage process, the thermoelectric devices are simultaneously heated or cooled depending on whether each “bit” is shaded in the quick response pattern.

Alternatively, a single quick response pattern could be seared over multiple rounds. During each round, only a subset of the thermoelectric devices are heated or cooled. Advantageously, the subsets of thermoelectric devices can be staggered such that each of the thermoelectric devices being heated during a particular searing round is surrounded by thermoelectric devices which are either “off” or cooling. In this manner, thermal bleeding is minimized and a greater image definition is possible.

FIG. 7B depicts a 2-stage searing process. During the first stage, the active thermoelectric devices in the first stage (labeled “1”) are heated if they are shaded and cooled if they are unshaded in the quick response pattern. While some of the thermoelectric devices in the first stage are heated, all of the thermoelectric devices in the second stage (labeled “2”) are cooled. During the second stage, the reverse occurs, with a subset of the active thermoelectric devices in the second stage being heated while all of the thermoelectric devices in the first stage are cooled. In this manner, thermoelectric devices adjacent on the left, right, top, and bottom would never be heated simultaneously.

FIG. 7C depicts a 4-stage searing process. The 4-stage process is similar to the 2-stage process, except that during a single stage all three other stages are inactive or cooled. For example, during the first stage, the active thermoelectric devices in the first stage (labeled “1”) are heated if they are shaded and cooled if they are unshaded in the quick response pattern. While some of the thermoelectric devices in the first stage are heated, all of the thermoelectric devices in the second stage (labeled “2”), third stage (labeled “3”), and fourth stage (labeled “4”) are cooled. Stage two, three, and four would then be cycled through in a similar fashion. In this manner, thermoelectric devices would never be heated simultaneously with any adjacent thermoelectric device (i.e., to the left, right, top, bottom, and diagonals).

FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C, and 8D each depict a possible contact surface shape for a thermoelectric device according to one or more embodiments of the invention. As discussed previously herein, the thermoelectric devices can include a rectangular, square, circular, elliptical, superelliptical, and polygonal shape. The shape of the contact surface can be modified depending on the requirements of a particular application (quick response pattern size, substrate type, environmental conditions, etc.). Depending on the particular application, the shape of the contact surface can be selected to minimize any expected blurring effects. For example, some amount of blurring is expected when attempting to sear a perfect square onto a food product). The amount of blurring may or may not be sufficient to prevent the generated quick response code from being read. Some contact surface shapes are more susceptible to blurring effects than others. In some embodiments of the present invention, the contact surfaces are shaped in such a way that potential thermal bleeding will not affect the readability of neighboring quick response “bits” to ensure that the result accurately reflects the desired quick response code.

FIG. 8A depicts a rectangular or square shape. Rectangular shapes are well-suited to applications having minimal blurring, although it is understood that a rectangular shape can be used in any application. Advantageously, rectangular shapes are somewhat easier and less costly to manufacture than more complicated shapes. FIG. 8B depicts a polygonal shape, in particular, a heptagonal shape. It is understood, however, that other polygonal shapes are within the contemplated scope of the invention. FIGS. 8C and 8D each depict a superimposed set of superellipses. Advantageously, a contact surface can be shaped using a specific superellipse to minimize or counteract a potential or expected thermal bleeding associated with a given application.

FIGS. 9A and 9B each depict a possible arrangement of thermoelectric devices for generating a quick response code according to one or more embodiments of the invention. In some embodiments of the present invention, the size of each of the thermoelectric devices can be reduced without rendering the final quick response code unreadable. For example, FIG. 9A depicts a first configuration of thermoelectric devices. The thermoelectric devices each include a same first size and each device is separated by a first pitch. FIG. 9B depicts a second configuration of these thermoelectric devices. The first and second configurations include the same number of thermoelectric devices. The size of the thermoelectric device footprint has been reduced (i.e., each includes a smaller second size) in the second configuration, but the thermoelectric devices are separated by the same first pitch. In this manner, the overall size of the generated quick response code is not changed. In some embodiments of the present invention, the physical size of the thermoelectric devices is scaled down while maintaining each bit's center position until further scaling would render the final quick response pattern unreadable for the expected application. In other embodiments of the present invention, the actual thermoelectric devices in FIG. 9B have not been scaled down in size relative to FIG. 9A, rather, an imperfect sear has resulted in a “damaged” image whereby one or more (potentially all) of the thermoelectric devices do not produce a fully seared pixel (or fail to produce a sear at all). In other words, one or more of the pixels can be missing or only partially covered (seared), leaving a gap between one or more of the thermoelectric devices. This can result from, for example, imperfect contact with the product (searing surface). In some embodiments of the present invention, error correction within the image or barcode mitigates this damage such that the resulting “damaged” image is still scannable.

FIG. 10 depicts a method for operating a quick response branding device in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention. The operational steps of FIG. 10 begin by sending information to be encoded into a quick response code to a processor (step 1000). In some embodiments of the present invention, a user enters information to be encoded into the user interface 204 (FIG. 2). Alternatively, a desired quick response code can be directly input according to one or more embodiments of the present invention. In some embodiments of the present invention, the processor is the quick response controller 208 (FIG. 2). The processor encodes the received information into a quick response code (step 1002). The information can be encoded into any type of linear or matrix barcode, such as QR Version 1 to Version 40, iQR, micro QR, and DataMatrix. In some embodiments of the present invention, the quick response code is generated using the quick response configuration program 210 (FIG. 2).

The processor then conditions the quick response branding device for generating the quick response code. A number of branding stages is determined (step 1004). In some embodiments of the present invention, the number of branding stages is 1, 2, or 4, although any number of branding stages is within the contemplated scope of the invention. In some embodiments of the present invention, a user enters a desired number of branding stages into the user interface 204 (FIG. 2). In some embodiments of the present invention, the processor generates a required number of branding stages based on, for example, the substrate type, the quick response code type, bit size, or any other factor indicating a risk of, or susceptibility to, thermal bleeding. For example, when using a wood-based substrate susceptible to thermal bleeding the processor can select or increase to a higher number of branding stages. Once the number of branding stages is determined, the processor sets a branding stage counter to 1 (step 1006) and selects (activates) the corresponding quick response bit set “1” (step 1008).

The processor then sends one or more executable program instructions to the quick response branding device. In some embodiments of the present invention, the quick response configuration program 210 and/or the quick response controller 208 sends program instructions to the branding device to run a first current through shaded bits in the currently active set (step 1010). In some embodiments of the present invention, a second current is sent through unshaded bits in the currently active set as well as though all bits in any inactive bit sets (step 1012). Optionally, the second current can be zero such that no current is sent to the unselected bits. In this manner, the shaded bits in the current set are heated (step 1014) while all other bits (unshaded bits in the current set and all bits in other sets) are cooled (step 1016).

The processor then confirms whether the desired temperature has been achieved for the currently selected bits (step 1018) based on the current application. In some embodiments of the present invention, the desired temperature is directly input into the user interface 204 (FIG. 2). Alternatively, the processor generates a required branding temperature based on, for example, the substrate type, the quick response code type, bit size, or any other suitable factor. In some embodiments of the present invention, the quick response configuration program 210 receives status data associated with the quick response branding device 202. If the quick response branding device 202 status data does not meet one or more of the configuration parameters, i.e., if the desired temperature has not been achieved, the processor returns to steps 1010 and 1012 and repeats the heating process. In some embodiments of the present invention, the processor adjusts the bit currents to fine tune the branding temperature. For example, the current sent to a particular bit can be increased to increase the branding temperature of that bit.

If the desired temperature has been achieved, the quick response branding device can be brought into contact with the product (step 1020). In some embodiments of the present invention, the processor or the quick response branding device can indicate to the user that the temperature is sufficient for the branding application. The indication can be, for example, visual (lighting or a lighting pattern) or auditory (a sound or sequence of sounds).

The processor then checks the current branding stage counter value (e.g., “1” or “3”) against the total number of branding stages (step 1022). If the current branding stage is less than the total number of branding stages, the processor increments the branding stage counter value and returns to step 1008 (step 1024). The process of heating and cooling bits then continues in a similar manner for the next branding stage. If the current branding stage is more than or equal to the total number of branding stages, the processor determines whether additional products will be branded (step 1026). In some embodiments of the present invention, the user enters a total number of products into the user interface 204 (FIG. 2). Alternatively, the processor can ask the user whether additional products will be branded during step 1026.

If additional products will be branded, the processor determines whether the current quick response code needs to be changed (step 1028). In some embodiments of the present invention, the user confirms the current quick response code, enters a new quick response code into the user interface or enters new information to be encoded into a new quick response code into the user interface. If a new quick response code is required, the processor returns to step 1000 and the process continues in substantially the same manner as for the first quick response code. If a new quick response code is not required, the processor can skip to step 1006, where the process then continues in substantially the same manner as for the first quick response code. In this manner, the processor continues to condition the quick response branding device for generating quick response codes until the final quick response code has been applied to the product.

FIG. 11 depicts a method 1100 for branding a quick response code onto a substrate or product surface in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention. The method begins at step 1102 when data to be encoded into a quick response code is received. The data can be provided using, for example, a user interface. Alternatively, the data can be received from a scanner, a camera, or an image capture application.

At step 1104, the method includes generating the quick response code that encodes the received data. In some embodiments of the present invention, the quick response code is generated by a quick response controller 208 using a quick response configuration program 210 according to one or more embodiments of the present invention. The quick response code can be, for example, a QR Version 1 to Version 40 code, an iQR code, a micro QR code, a DataMatrix code, or any other suitable linear or matrix barcode.

A first subset of thermoelectric devices of a quick response branding device that must be heated to generate the quick response code is determined at step 1106. In some embodiments of the present invention, the first subset is identified by the quick response controller 208 and/or the quick response configuration program 210. At step 1108, program instructions to heat the first subset of thermoelectric devices is sent to the quick response branding device. In some embodiments of the present invention, the program instructions are transmitted over a wired or wireless network 206, as discussed previously herein.

Additional processes can also be included. It should be understood that the processes depicted in FIGS. 10 and 11 represent illustrations and that other processes can be added or existing processes can be removed, modified, or rearranged without departing from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure.

Various embodiments of the present invention are described herein with reference to the related drawings. Alternative embodiments can be devised without departing from the scope of this invention. Although various connections and positional relationships (e.g., over, below, adjacent, etc.) are set forth between elements in the following description and in the drawings, persons skilled in the art will recognize that many of the positional relationships described herein are orientation-independent when the described functionality is maintained even though the orientation is changed. These connections and/or positional relationships, unless specified otherwise, can be direct or indirect, and the present invention is not intended to be limiting in this respect. Similarly, the term “coupled” and variations thereof describes having a communications path between two elements and does not imply a direct connection between the elements with no intervening elements/connections between them. All of these variations are considered a part of the specification. Accordingly, a coupling of entities can refer to either a direct or an indirect coupling, and a positional relationship between entities can be a direct or indirect positional relationship. As an example of an indirect positional relationship, references in the present description to forming layer “A” over layer “B” include situations in which one or more intermediate layers (e.g., layer “C”) is between layer “A” and layer “B” as long as the relevant characteristics and functionalities of layer “A” and layer “B” are not substantially changed by the intermediate layer(s).

The following definitions and abbreviations are to be used for the interpretation of the claims and the specification. As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” “contains” or “containing,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a composition, a mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but can include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus.

Additionally, the term “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance or illustration.” Any embodiment or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or designs. The terms “at least one” and “one or more” are understood to include any integer number greater than or equal to one, i.e. one, two, three, four, etc. The terms “a plurality” are understood to include any integer number greater than or equal to two, i.e. two, three, four, five, etc. The term “connection” can include an indirect “connection” and a direct “connection.”

References in the specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” etc., indicate that the embodiment described can include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may or may not include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to effect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.

For purposes of the description hereinafter, the terms “upper,” “lower,” “right,” “left,” “vertical,” “horizontal,” “top,” “bottom,” and derivatives thereof shall relate to the described structures and methods, as oriented in the drawing figures. The terms “overlying,” “atop,” “on top,” “positioned on” or “positioned atop” mean that a first element, such as a first structure, is present on a second element, such as a second structure, wherein intervening elements such as an interface structure can be present between the first element and the second element. The term “direct contact” means that a first element, such as a first structure, and a second element, such as a second structure, are connected without any intermediary conducting, insulating or semiconductor layers at the interface of the two elements.

The terms “about,” “substantially,” “approximately,” and variations thereof, are intended to include the degree of error associated with measurement of the particular quantity based upon the equipment available at the time of filing the application. For example, “about” can include a range of ±12%, 8% or 5%, or 2% of a given value.

The present invention can be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product at any possible technical detail level of integration. The computer program product can include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention.

The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium can be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire.

Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network can comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device.

Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention can be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions can execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer can be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection can be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) can execute the computer readable program instruction by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention.

Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions.

These computer readable program instructions can be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions can also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

The computer readable program instructions can also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams can represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks can occur out of the order noted in the Figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession can, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks can sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.

The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments described herein. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: a plurality of thermoelectric devices on a substrate, each of the thermoelectric devices arranged on the substrate as a single bit in a linear or matrix barcode pattern; wherein each of the thermoelectric devices comprises an n-type thermoelectric element electrically coupled to a p-type thermoelectric element.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the linear or matrix barcode pattern is a quick response pattern.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the quick response pattern is a quick response (QR) Version 1 to Version 40 pattern, an iQR pattern, a micro QR pattern, or a DataMatrix pattern.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the thermoelectric devices comprises two or more pairs of thermoelectric elements, each pair comprising an n-type thermoelectric element electrically coupled to a p-type thermoelectric element.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of the thermoelectric devices further comprises a contact surface coupled to an end of the n-type and p-type thermoelectric elements.
 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein each contact surface comprises a rectangular or superelliptical shape.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of electrodes formed on a surface of the substrate, each electrode electrically coupled to a thermoelectric device of the plurality of thermoelectric devices.
 8. The apparatus of claim 7 further comprising a plurality of vias in the substrate, each via electrically coupling an electrode to a thermoelectric device.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the linear or matrix barcode pattern comprises a high resolution grid.
 10. A computer-implemented method for branding a quick response code onto a surface, the method comprising: receiving, by a processor, data to be encoded into the quick response code; generating, by the processor, the quick response code that encodes the data; determining, by the processor, a first subset of thermoelectric devices of a quick response branding device to heat to generate the quick response code; and sending, by the processor, program instructions to heat the first subset of thermoelectric devices to the quick response branding device.
 11. The computer-implemented method of claim 10 further comprising determining, by the processor, a second subset of thermoelectric devices of the quick response branding device to cool to generate the quick response code.
 12. The computer-implemented method of claim 11 further comprising sending, by the processor, program instructions to cool the second subset of thermoelectric devices to the quick response branding device.
 13. The computer-implemented method of claim 11, wherein the first subset of thermoelectric devices is heated while the second subset of thermoelectric devices is cooled.
 14. The computer-implemented method of claim 10, wherein the quick response code is a quick response (QR) Version 1 to Version 40 pattern, an iQR pattern, a micro QR pattern, or a DataMatrix pattern.
 15. The computer-implemented method of claim 10 further comprising determining, by the processor, a second subset of thermoelectric devices of the quick response branding device to heat to generate the quick response code.
 16. The computer-implemented method of claim 15 further comprising sending, by the processor, program instructions to heat the second subset of thermoelectric devices to the quick response branding device.
 17. A computer program product for branding a quick response code onto a surface, the computer program product comprising: a computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith, the program instructions executable by a processing device to cause the processing device to perform a method comprising: receiving data to be encoded into the quick response code; generating the quick response code that encodes the data; determining a first subset of thermoelectric devices of a quick response branding device to heat to generate the quick response code; and sending program instructions to heat the first subset of thermoelectric devices to the quick response branding device.
 18. The computer program product of claim 17 further comprising determining a second subset of thermoelectric devices of the quick response branding device to cool to generate the quick response code.
 19. The computer program product of claim 18 further comprising sending program instructions to cool the second subset of thermoelectric devices to the quick response branding device.
 20. The computer program product of claim 19, wherein the first subset of thermoelectric devices is heated while the second subset of thermoelectric devices is cooled. 